| Solar panel | Photovoltaic module serve as components that change sunlight to electricity using solar cells. They are an green and sustainable energy source, minimizing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar thermal collector is a device that captures sunlight to produce heat, generally used for hot water production or room heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, decreasing reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Sun-powered thermal energy harnesses sun rays to generate heat, which can be used for hot water production, space warming, or power generation. It is a green and renewable technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers GHG emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of golden sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic nation in the United Kingdom known for its rich cultural traditions, notable attractions, and lively cities like the capital. It boasts a diverse terrain of rolling hills, old castles, and lively city hubs that combine tradition with contemporary advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Solar light is the environmental radiance emitted by the sun, crucial for life on Earth as it supplies power for photosynthesis and shapes climate and weather patterns. It also adds to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a type of energy due to the motion of electrically charged entities, primarily negatively charged particles. It fuels countless systems and systems, supporting contemporary living and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts sunlight directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a renewable power source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a reversed electric charge that surround the nucleus of an atom, important for in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the single-direction movement of electric charge, generally produced by batteries, electrical sources, and photovoltaic cells. It provides a consistent voltage or current, rendering it crucial for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A cell is a instrument that stores chemical energy and changes it into current to run various digital equipment. It consists of one or more galvanic units, each housing positive and negative electrodes separated by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts solar radiation immediately into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of solar cells. It is an eco-friendly power option that minimizes reliance on fossil fuels and supports sustainable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a device that converts direct current (DC) created by solar panels into AC fit for home use and grid connection. It is vital for maximizing energy efficiency and guaranteeing secure, reliable electricity delivery from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that flips direction regularly, usually used in domestic and industrial power supplies. It permits optimal transmission of electricity over long distances and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A power management device is a device that controls the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from overcharging and harm. It ensures optimal energy flow and prolongs the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a tool used to measure the size, amount, or intensity of something accurately. It includes gadgets like meters, thermometers, and manometers that provide precise readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a mechanism that automatically the orientation of solar panels to track the sun's movement across the day, maximizing energy absorption. This technology improves the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar power plants are huge plants that utilize sunlight to generate electricity using many solar panels. They offer a sustainable and renewable energy resource, cutting down reliance on carbon-based fuels and decreasing pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Roof-mounted solar energy involves setting up photovoltaic solar panels on building roofs to produce electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps minimize reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-connected solar energy setup changes sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and decreases reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like burning fossil fuels and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar satellite is an orbiting platform equipped with photovoltaic panels that absorb sunlight and generate power. This energy is then transmitted wirelessly to our planet for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems retain excess electricity generated from renewable sources or the grid for later use, improving energy independence and effectiveness. These systems generally use batteries to provide backup power, reduce energy costs, and support grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of solar panels tracks the progress and advancements in photovoltaic tech from the beginning discovery of the solar effect to current high-performance solar panels. It features major milestones, including the invention of the first silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and persistent innovations that have greatly improved energy conversion and economic viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a Gallic physicist by profession renowned for his groundbreaking work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and luminescence. His research laid the basis for grasping how light interacts with certain substances to generate electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a British electrical engineer and scientist known for finding out the photo-conductive property of selenium in 1873. His work formed the basis for the creation of the photo-sensitive device and advancements in early photographic and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an open-source framework used for automated testing of web browsers, enabling testers to mimic user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and browsers, making it a flexible tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of light reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an US creator who invented the earliest working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work established the groundwork for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-powered power plant generates electricity by combusting coal to produce steam that rotates turbines connected to generators. This process releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductor. His work paved the way for modern solar power technology and the development of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a famous R&D entity long-standing associated with AT&T, known for leading innovations in telecommunications, computing, and materials science. It has been the source of numerous groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, famous for its essential role in the fabrication of electronic devices and solar cells. It is a tough, fragile solid material with a blue-grey sheen, mainly utilized as a semiconductor in the electronic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A small inverter is a small device installed on each solar panel to change direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the location. This method increases system efficiency, allows for enhanced system tracking, and improves energy yield in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar module is a unit that transforms sunlight straight into electricity through the solar energy process. It is frequently used in solar panels to provide a renewable and renewable energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that offers sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon acts as a fundamental particle that represents a unit of light and other electromagnetic radiation, transporting energy and momentum without containing rest mass. It has a key role in the relations between matter and electromagnetic fields, facilitating phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the phenomenon by which certain materials convert sunlight directly into electricity through the creation of charge carriers. This phenomenon is the basic concept behind solar cell technology, facilitating the harnessing of solar energy for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electronics is a thin slice of chip material, usually silicon, used as the foundation for creating integrated circuits. It functions as the primary platform where microchips are built through processes like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a super pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of solar panels and electronic systems due to its superb semiconductor properties. Its structured, systematic crystal lattice enables optimal electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin film solar cells are a type of solar power system characterized by their lightweight, flexible design, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a lower cost. They use layers of semiconductor materials a few micrometers thick to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the static forces exerted by the weight of building components and permanent equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as occupants, fixtures, and external influences. Both are essential considerations in building planning to guarantee safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components sequentially, so the identical current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits link components across the identical voltage source, allowing multiple paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's total resistance, current allocation, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electric power represents the velocity at which electrical energy is conveyed by an electrical network, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. Created through multiple sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear power, and green energy, and is essential for contemporary living. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A unit of power is a measure of energy conversion in the SI system, representing the speed of energy flow or transformation. It is the same as one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic potential difference between two points, which pushes the stream of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and shows the energy per single charge accessible to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the standard unit of electric potential, electric potential difference, and electromotive force in the SI system. It measures the electric energy per coulomb between two points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric flow is the movement of electric charge through a conductor, usually measured in amperes. It is crucial for supplying electronic equipment and enabling the working of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere is the unit of electrical flow in the International System of Units, symbolized as A. It indicates the flow of electrical charge through a wire over a period of time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the level of electrical power or current demanded by equipment and electrical load in a circuit. It determines the design and size of power systems to maintain safe and efficient energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical casing used to securely contain wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and secure connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a reliable and dependable manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a simple and standardized method of supplying electrical energy to devices through common ports. It is commonly used for charging and supplying a wide range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a device that converts direct current (DC) from sources like cells or solar arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for household appliances. It permits the operation of common electrical appliances in environments where only DC power is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack serves as an collection of numerous individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically regulate the angle of solar modules to monitor the sun’s path throughout the 24 hours, enhancing power intake. This technology boosts the performance of photovoltaic energy harvesting by maintaining optimal solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to optimize the energy production of solar energy systems by continuously adjusting the performance point to align with the peak power point of the photovoltaic modules. This process guarantees the most efficient energy harvesting, especially under differing environmental factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer functions as a device used in solar energy systems to optimize energy output by individually tailored enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by reducing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A photovoltaic performance monitor is a instrument that monitors and analyzes the performance of solar panel systems in live, offering useful data on energy production and system condition. It aids enhance solar energy generation by detecting issues early and securing highest efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are lightweight, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing fine layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a economical and multi-functional alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in different portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are commonly used in solar panels to supply energy to homes, appliances, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of many minute silicon crystals, frequently used in photovoltaic panels and microchip production. Its creation involves liquefying and restructuring silicon to generate a pure, polycrystalline form suitable for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Single-crystal silicon is a premium form of silicon with a uniform crystal structure, making it very effective for use in solar panels and electronics. Its homogeneous formation allows for improved electron flow, resulting in superior functionality compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics represent a type of thin film solar method that offers a economical and high-performance solution for extensive solar energy production. They are recognized for their great absorption efficiency and relatively low manufacturing fees in comparison with traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are flexible photovoltaic cells that utilize a multi-layered compound of Cu, indium, Ga, and Se to transform sunlight into electricity effectively. They are noted for their high light capturing efficiency, bendability, and potential for portable, economical solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a amorphous atomic configuration, making it more adaptable and simpler to apply than structured silicon. It is commonly used in photovoltaic thin films and electronic devices due to its cost-effectiveness and adaptable properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Next-generation photovoltaic modules aim to outperform traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and pioneering techniques such as stacked stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, reducing costs, and expanding applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-junction solar cells are innovative photovoltaic modules that use various p-n connections stacked in unison to capture a more extensive range of the solar spectrum, substantially boosting their efficiency. They are mostly employed in space satellites and advanced solar power systems due to their excellent energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft are essential devices that generate solar radiation into electrical energy to power onboard systems. Generally lightweight, robust, and built for efficient operation in the extreme space conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are materials composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metal, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer enhanced performance in applications such as laser devices, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound semiconductor recognized for its high electron mobility and performance in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV employ focusing elements or reflectors to direct sunlight onto highly efficient multi-junction solar cells, substantially improving energy conversion efficiency. This approach is ideal for large capacity solar power plants in regions with direct sunlight, offering a affordable option for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Thin-film silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and flexible form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in building-integrated photovoltaics and portable power sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic cell utilize a ultra-thin layer of CuInGaSe2 as the solar semiconductor, known for high efficiency and adaptability. They offer a lightweight, budget-friendly alternative to conventional silicon PV modules with reliable operation in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film denotes a fine layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in various technological applications. These layers are important in electronics, light manipulation, and films for their special physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a renewable and affordable energy solution. They help decrease use of fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a stratum of substance ranging from fractions of a nanometer to several micrometers in depth, often placed on surfaces for purposeful functions. These coatings are used in multiple sectors, including electronics, optics, and medicine, to modify surface characteristics or engineer certain device functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometers are measurement equal to one-billionth of a meter, frequently used to depict very tiny distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in areas such as nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for measuring structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are precision gauges used to precisely measure small distances or thicknesses, generally in mechanical engineering and production. They feature a adjusted screw mechanism that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon substrate is a fine, ring-shaped segment of silicon crystal used as the base for constructing semiconductor devices. It functions as the core material in the fabrication of microchips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are compact photovoltaic devices famous for their high efficiency and flexibility, perfect for multiple fields. They utilize a multilayer semiconductor architecture that turns sunlight directly into power with excellent efficiency in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon is a kind of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its many crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is recognized for being economical and having a comparatively high efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert sun rays directly into power using solar panels, supplying a renewable energy source for residential, industrial, and large-scale applications. They offer a environmentally friendly, sustainable, and affordable way to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lower CO2 emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that converts sunlight into electrical energy using a photosensitive dye to take in light and generate electron flow. It offers a affordable and versatile alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with potential for clear and thin applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and conversion efficiency through quantum confinement effects. This approach offers the possibility for cost-effective, adaptable, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic PV cells are photoelectric devices that employ carbon-based molecules, to turn sun's energy into electricity. They are lightweight, bendable, and enable lower-cost, extensive solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a advantageous photovoltaic compound used in layer solar cells due to its abundant and harmless elements. Its favorable optical-electronic properties make it an attractive option for eco-friendly photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate solar energy technology into the design of building materials, such as rooftops, outer walls, and glazing. This modern approach enhances power savings while maintaining aesthetic appeal and building integrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to penetrate a material with little distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency permits light to spread through, hiding detailed view but yet still permitting shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Vehicle and building window film application involves placing a transparent film to the inside or outside of automobiles or edifices glazing to cut down on glare, heat, and UV rays. It boosts privacy, improves energy efficiency, and provides a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A collection of solar power stations overview various large-scale solar energy installations around the globe, demonstrating their output and locations. These stations serve a important role in sustainable energy production and worldwide efforts to cut carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are massive installations that transform sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. They are crucial in sustainable power creation, lessening dependence on fossil fuels, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of issues such as waste, climate change, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote green approaches and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Green energy comes from eco-friendly origins that are renewably replenished, such as sunlight, breezes, and water. It offers a renewable solution to non-renewable energy sources, minimizing environmental impact and promoting long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-renewable energy sources, such as lignite, petroleum, and methane, are limited reserves formed over millions of years and are consumed when used. They are the chief power sources for electrical energy and transportation but pose ecological and environmental and renewability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various energy sources such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear energy, and green energy into electrical energy. This process generally happens in power plants where rotating machinery and generators work together to produce power for distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are dense, poisonous elements such as lead, Hg, cadmium, and arsenic that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar-cell efficiency assesses how well a solar cell generates sunlight into usable energy. Boosting this efficiency is essential for optimizing renewable energy production and decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when radiation shining on a metal surface ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle nature of light. This occurrence provided significant indication for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that light energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves subjecting products to higher-than-normal stresses to quickly evaluate their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of solar energy systems has sped up rapidly over the past ten years, driven by innovations and reducing prices. This expansion is transforming the global energy landscape by raising the share of renewable solar power in electricity generation processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar refers to large solar power installations built to generate electricity on a industrial scale, providing power directly to the grid. These projects typically cover large areas and utilize solar panels or solar thermal systems to produce renewable energy efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a see-through device that bending light to focus or diverge rays, forming images. It is commonly used in instruments like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to manipulate light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the angle between an approaching light ray and the normal line perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact. It controls how light interacts with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a delicate film applied to optical surfaces to reduce glare and enhance light passage. It improves the clarity and illumination of screens by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when a pair of waves meet in a manner that their wave heights negate each other, causing a diminution or full disappearance of the resultant waveform. This phenomenon usually happens when the waves are phase-shifted by half a cycle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC is a type of electrical flow that alternates direction, commonly employed in electrical distribution networks. The voltage fluctuates following a sine wave over time, allowing effective conveyance over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A microinverter is a tiny device used to transform direct current (DC) from a single solar module into AC suitable for domestic use. It enhances system performance by optimizing power output at the module level and simplifies setup and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC electrical energy, or AC electrical energy, is electrical power delivered through a system where the voltage level and current periodically reverse polarity, enabling efficient transmission over long distances. It is frequently used in residences and industries to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a type of electrical plug used to provide direct current (DC) power from a power supply to an electronic equipment. It typically consists of a cylindrical plug and jack that guarantee a reliable and dependable connection for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a worldwide protection validation organization that evaluates and approves products to guarantee they comply with specific security requirements. It helps consumers and firms identify dependable and safe products through thorough evaluation and examination processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electronic networks in which parts are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current flow. In this arrangement, the same electric current passes through all components, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electrical circuits where parts are connected between the same voltage source, offering multiple paths for current flow. This configuration allows units to operate autonomously, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode is a solid-state device that allows current to move in one direction exclusively, serving as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12V, designed to provide electrical energy for multiple devices and add-ons inside a automobile. It allows users to charge electronic devices or operate small devices during on the go. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for connecting peripheral devices to computers, facilitating data transfer and electric power. It supports a variety of hardware such as input devices, pointer devices, external drives, and mobile phones, with multiple versions providing higher speeds and enhanced performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the portion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into generated energy. Boosting this efficiency is essential to maximizing energy output and making solar power economical and sustainable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory dedicated to R&D in green energy and energy efficiency technologies. It focuses on breakthroughs in solar, wind power, bioenergy, and additional renewable sources to enable a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses every kind of electromagnetic waves, spanning from radio signals to gamma rays, all possessing diverse wavelengths and energies. This band is essential for many technologies and natural events, enabling signal transmission, medical imaging, and insight into the outer space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X-rays, primarily generated by the sun. It serves a key role in including vitamin D production but can also cause skin damage and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color scheme based on alterations of a individual hue, using different shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and unity. This composition approach emphasizes minimalism and sophistication by maintaining steady color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, typically measured in watts per square meter. It is a key parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the strength of sunlight reaching a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a unit of measurement used to measure the strength of radiation or energy flow received or emitted over a defined area, commonly in areas such as meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It assists with grasping the dispersion and transfer of energy across areas, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the extent of various hues or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, visible or otherwise. It is often used to depict the spread of light or signal frequencies in multiple scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An air mass is a substantial volume of air's with comparatively even temperature and humidity features, originating from certain starting zones. These airmass impact weather systems and sky conditions as they travel over various areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar power is the measure of the intensity per unit area received from the solar source in the form of solar rays. It changes with solar activity and atmospheric factors on Earth, affecting climate and local weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in photovoltaic systems refers to the collection of dirt, and foreign matter on the panels of solar panels, which decreases their efficiency. Routine maintenance and care are important to minimize energy waste and maintain maximum performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage available from a power source when current flow is absent, taken across its terminals. It represents the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the maximum electrical current that travels through a circuit when a reduced resistance connection, or short circuit, occurs, bypassing the normal load. It creates a considerable safety hazard and can lead to damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (W_peak) is a assessment of the peak power capacity of a solar module under perfect sunlight conditions. It reflects the array's peak ability to create electricity in standard testing setups . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an electronic device used to check the electrical potential between two points in a circuit. It is widely employed in various electrical and electronic applications to maintain proper voltage levels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a phenomenon in PV modules where high voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in power output and efficiency. It occurs due to current leakage and ion movement within the solar cell materials, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a metalloid element necessary for plant growth and applied in multiple industrial uses, including glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It exhibits unique chemical traits that make it useful in producing long-lasting, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring perfect tilt and orientation for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a robust and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant harnesses sunlight using vast groups of photovoltaic solar panels to create renewable electricity. It provides an green energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the consolidated approach of using land for both solar energy output and cultivation, making the most of space and resources. This approach boosts crop production while at the same time producing renewable energy, fostering sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial photovoltaic cells are solar panels capable of capturing sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, boosting overall energy generation. They are commonly positioned in a way that enhances performance by leveraging albedo mirroring and reflected rays from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar canopy is a structure that provides cover while creating electricity through embedded solar panels. It is often installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with useful design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a collection of multiple solar modules arranged to produce electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in green energy setups to produce renewable, eco-friendly power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a construction that offers shade and shelter from the conditions for exterior areas. It boosts the usability and visual charm of a courtyard, making it a pleasant area for leisure and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the angle between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is employed in astronomy and meteorology to describe the position of bodies in the heavens relative to an spectator. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The azimuth angle is a horizontal angle measured clockwise a reference heading, usually true north, to the line connecting an viewer to a point of interest. It is frequently used in routing, land measurement, and astrophysics to indicate the bearing of an target relative to the observer's position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electricity shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to harsh weather conditions and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant workplace risks in solar panel setup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a semiconductor material extensively utilized in thin-film solar cells due to its superior efficiency and affordability. It exhibits outstanding optical properties, making it a preferred option for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An catalog of photovoltaics companies showcases the leading manufacturers and suppliers expert in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are essential in promoting solar energy integration and innovation across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A GW is a measure of electricity equal to one billion W, used to quantify massive power generation production and consumption. It is generally associated with generating stations, power grids, and large-scale power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar is a international leader in photovoltaic (PV) power solutions, focused on making thin film solar panels that offer high efficiency and low-cost power generation. The company is committed to green renewable energy advancement and reducing the world dependency on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology specializes in smoothly connecting various components of industrial and automated systems to improve performance and dependability. It focuses on building advanced solutions that promote smooth communication and cooperation among diverse tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is a prominent China's company focused on producing and developing photovoltaic photovoltaic products and solutions. It is known for state-of-the-art tech and eco-friendly energy programs within renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of power equal to one billion W, often used to indicate the ability of large-scale power generation or consumption. It highlights the immense energy extent involved in current power infrastructure and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Knowledge curve effects refer to the concept where the unit cost drops as total output grows, due to learning curve and optimization gained over time. This concept highlights the value of stored knowledge in cutting expenses and enhancing efficiency in production and other processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics turn sunlight immediately into electricity using semiconductor elements, primarily silicon. This system is a pure, renewable energy source that helps lessen reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of producing solar or wind energy is the same as or lower than the expense of buying power from the electric grid. Achieving Grid parity indicates that sustainable energy technologies are economically competitive with fossil fuel-based fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity is the primary electrical power supplied to homes and enterprises through a network of power lines, delivering a dependable source of energy for different appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, depending on the nation, and is supplied through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) refers to all parts of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, comprising inverters, racking, wiring, and additional electrical hardware. It is vital for ensuring the effective and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | The sun's power is harnessed from the sun's rays using photovoltaic panels to generate electricity or through solar thermal systems to produce heat. It represents a renewable, sustainable, and eco-conscious power supply that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are in home, corporate, and manufacturing settings to produce renewable, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, delivering sustainable energy solutions where conventional power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A collection of sun-powered items features a variety of devices that utilize sunlight to convert energy, encouraging environmentally friendly and renewable living. These items include everything from solar chargers and lights to home equipment and outdoor gear, delivering flexible solutions for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An photovoltaic power station is a facility that transforms sunlight directly into electricity using solar modules. It is a sustainable energy source that supports lowering reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to deliver a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV employ lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight on high-performance solar cells, significantly increasing energy capture from less space. This technology is particularly effective where bright, direct sunlight and offers an innovative way to reducing the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
