| Solar panel | Solar array serve as components that convert sunlight to electricity using PV cells. They are an green and renewable energy source, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar energy collector is a apparatus that captures sunlight to produce heat, typically used for water heating or space heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, cutting down on reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses sunlight to generate warmth, which can be used for water heating, space warming, or electricity production. It is a sustainable and eco-friendly technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a picturesque seaside town in West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of sandy beaches, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic nation in the UK known for its abundant cultural heritage, iconic landmarks, and lively urban areas like the capital. It boasts a mixed terrain of gentle slopes, old castles, and busy metropolitan areas that combine history with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the environmental illumination emitted by the sun, vital for existence on Earth as it provides power for photosynthesis and shapes climate and weather patterns. It also adds to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and enhancing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electromagnetic energy is a form of power due to the movement of ions, primarily electrons. It drives countless appliances and networks, facilitating modern life and technological progress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a sustainable power source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a opposite electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, important for in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions influence the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the unidirectional flow of electric charge, typically produced by batteries, power sources, and solar cells. It provides a constant voltage or current, rendering it essential for electronic devices and low-voltage applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A cell is a unit that accumulates chemical energy and changes it into electrical energy to power various electronic devices. It consists of several electrochemical units, each containing positive and negative electrodes separated by an electrolyte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A solar power system converts solar radiation directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is an green power solution that minimizes reliance on fossil fuels and promotes sustainable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar inverter is a unit that converts DC generated by solar panels into AC suitable for domestic use and grid connection. It plays a crucial role in maximizing energy efficiency and ensuring secure, reliable energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that changes direction periodically, usually used in home and industrial power supplies. It permits effective transmission of electricity over long distances and is characterized by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that regulates the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from overcharging and damage. It guarantees optimal energy flow and prolongs the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a instrument used to ascertain the dimension, quantity, or degree of something accurately. It includes gadgets like scales, climate gauges, and pressure gauges that provide exact readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a device that automatically the orientation of solar panels to track the sun's movement during the day, increasing energy absorption. This technology improves the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining best sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are massive plants that utilize sunlight to generate electricity using many solar panels. They supply a sustainable and eco-friendly energy source, cutting down reliance on non-renewable energy sources and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves setting up photovoltaic panels on building rooftops to generate electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps cut down on reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-tied photovoltaic system transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a sustainable energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, CH4, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like fossil fuel combustion and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar energy satellite is an spacecraft equipped with solar arrays that collect sunlight and convert it into electricity. This power is then beamed to the planet's surface for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Residential energy storage solutions save excess power generated from renewable sources or the power grid for future use, enhancing energy independence and effectiveness. These installations commonly employ batteries to provide backup power, cut down energy costs, and aid grid stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of solar panels chronicles the advancement and improvements in solar energy technology from the beginning discovery of the photovoltaic effect to current high-efficiency photovoltaic modules. It highlights major innovations, including the development of the first silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and continuous advances that have significantly boosted power transformation and cost-effectiveness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French scientist famous for his pioneering work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and glow. His tests laid the foundation for comprehending how light interacts with specific substances to generate electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a UK electrical engineer and researcher known for finding out the photo-conductive property of selenium in 1873. His research laid the foundation for the development of the photoconductive cell and advancements in early photographic and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an free platform used for automating web browsers, enabling testers to mimic user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and web browsers, making it a versatile tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was a an US creator who developed the initial working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work laid the foundation for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-powered power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce vapor that rotates turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductor. His work paved the way for modern solar energy technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a renowned research and development entity historically associated with AT&T, known for leading innovations in telecommunications, computer science, and materials research. It has been the birthplace of numerous groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, widely known for its key role in the fabrication of electronic devices and solar modules. It is a solid, brittle crystalline solid with a bluish-gray sheen, primarily used as a electronic component in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A small inverter is a little component installed on each solar panel to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the location. This method improves system effectiveness, enables improved performance monitoring, and increases energy yield in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar panel is a unit that turns sunlight immediately into electricity through the solar energy process. It is often used in solar panels to offer a sustainable and eco-friendly energy resource. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that provides sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon is a elementary particle representing a quantum of light plus other electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy and momentum and energy without containing rest mass. It plays a key role in the connections between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the phenomenon by which certain materials convert sunlight straight into electricity through the production of electron-hole pairs. This event is the core principle behind solar cell technology, facilitating the utilization of solar solar power for energy creation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electrical engineering is a fine slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, used as the substrate for manufacturing integrated circuits. It serves as the primary platform where microchips are built through processes like doping, etching, and coating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a highly pure form of silicon used primarily in the manufacturing of solar panels and electronic devices due to its superb semiconductor properties. Its structured, orderly crystal lattice enables effective electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin film solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their light, flexible design, and ability to be fabricated over extensive surfaces at a reduced expense. They use layers of semiconductor materials just several micrometers in thickness to transform sunlight into usable electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the mass of construction parts and permanent equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as occupants, furniture, and external influences. Both are important considerations in structural design to ensure safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components sequentially, so the same current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits link components across the same voltage source, allowing various paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's total resistance, current spread, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification refers to the velocity at which electrical energy is conveyed by an electric circuit, primarily used to operate devices and appliances. Created through various sources such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear, and sustainable sources, and fundamental for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a measure of energy conversion in the International System of Units, representing the speed of energy movement or conversion. It is equal to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic voltage difference between two points, which causes the stream of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and represents the work per unit charge accessible to shift electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the standard unit of electrical potential, potential difference, and voltage in the SI system. It measures the electric energy per charge unit between two points in an electrical circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric flow is the passage of electric charge through a conductor, commonly measured in A. It is necessary for energizing electronic equipment and allowing the working of electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere is the unit of electrical current in the International System of Units, represented by A. It indicates the flow of electric charge through a conductor over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the quantity of electrical power or current demanded by equipment and electrical load in a circuit. It determines the layout and power of power systems to guarantee reliable and optimized energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction enclosure is an electrical casing used to securely contain wire connections, providing a core for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures organized and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to connect solar panels in a reliable and trustworthy manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and effective electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power offers a simple and uniform method of supplying electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is frequently used for powering and supplying a wide range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a device that transforms direct current (DC) from sources like cells or solar arrays into AC suitable for household appliances. It enables the application of common electrical appliances in locations where only DC power is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack serves as a collection of numerous individual batteries designed to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar tracking systems automatically regulate the position of solar modules to follow the solar trajectory throughout the daytime, optimizing power intake. This innovation boosts the performance of photovoltaic energy harvesting by keeping optimal solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to optimize the power generation of solar energy systems by continuously adjusting the working point to correspond to the peak power point of the solar panels. This methodology provides the highest efficiency energy harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to optimize energy output by individually tailored optimizing the performance of each solar panel. It improves overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a device that tracks and examines the efficiency of solar panel systems in real-time, offering useful data on energy production and system status. It helps optimize solar energy generation by spotting issues early and guaranteeing maximum performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are lightweight, adaptable photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a economical and multi-functional alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect, making them a renewable energy source. They are commonly used in solar arrays to power homes, electronic gadgets, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of many minute silicon crystals, frequently used in photovoltaic panels and microchip production. Its production involves melting and recrystallizing silicon to create a ultra-pure, polycrystalline structure suitable for microelectronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Single-crystal silicon is a high-purity variant of silicon with a uniform crystal structure, making it extremely capable for use in solar cells and electronic devices. Its consistent formation allows for improved electron flow, resulting in better functionality compared to alternative silicon forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics are a category of thin film solar system that provides a cost-effective and efficient option for massive solar energy production. They are recognized for their high absorption performance and moderately affordable manufacturing expenses compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are thin-film photovoltaic cells that use a multi-layered material of Cu, indium, Ga, and Se to convert sunlight into power effectively. They are recognized for their excellent absorption efficiency, flexibility, and possibility for portable, affordable solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Non-crystalline silicon is a non-ordered molecular configuration, making it easier to handle and easier to deposit than ordered silicon. It is commonly used in photovoltaic thin films and electronic devices due to its affordability and flexible characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Advanced-generation photovoltaic cells aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and innovative techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on enhancing energy conversion, lowering costs, and expanding applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar cells are advanced photovoltaic modules that employ multiple p-n junctions arranged together to capture a more extensive spectrum of the solar spectrum, substantially enhancing their efficiency. These are primarily employed in space missions and high-performance solar power systems due to their excellent energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar panels are vital components that convert solar radiation into electrical energy to supply onboard equipment. They are typically lightweight, durable, and crafted to function effectively in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metal, used in high-frequency electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as lasers, LEDs, and high-frequency transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound-based semiconductor known for its high electron mobility and performance in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is commonly used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics utilize focusing elements or reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto highly efficient multi-band solar cells, significantly increasing energy conversion efficiency. This technique is ideal for large capacity solar power plants in zones with direct sunlight, providing a cost-effective solution for large-scale energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Ultralight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and flexible form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in building-integrated photovoltaics and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a delicate coating of CIGS compound as the photovoltaic material, known for superior performance and bendability. They offer a portable, economical alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with great output in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film refers to a slender layer of material, often measured in nm or micrometers, used in multiple technological fields. These films are crucial in electronic devices, optical systems, and films for their special physical and chemical features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on structure roofs, providing a renewable and economical energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to eco-preservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a sheet of material ranging from tiny nanometric scales to multiple micrometers in depth, often applied to surfaces for functional purposes. These coatings are used in diverse fields, including electronics, optics, and medical applications, to change surface traits or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are units of measurement equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to describe very tiny distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nano dimension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Calipers are high-precision gauges used to accurately measure small distances or thicknesses, commonly in manufacturing and fabrication. They feature a adjusted screw system that allows for exact readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon substrate is a narrow, disk-shaped section of silicon crystal used as the foundation for manufacturing semiconductor devices. It acts as the foundational material in the fabrication of integrated circuits and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are compact solar units recognized for their excellent performance and adaptability, making them suitable for various uses. They employ a stratified layered semiconductor setup that converts sunlight immediately into power with excellent performance in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon is a form of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is known for being affordable and having a moderately high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar PV systems convert solar energy directly into electricity using solar panels, supplying a green energy source for residential, industrial, and grid applications. They provide a clean, sustainable, and economical way to cut down reliance on fossil fuels and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-activated solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that turns sunlight into power using a light-sensitive dye to take in light and create electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells, with potential for clear and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and conversion efficiency through quantum size effects. This technology offers the possibility for cost-effective, flexible, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are photoelectric devices that use carbon-based molecules, to transform sunlight into electric power. They are compact, pliable, and enable cost-effective, large-area solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Cu) Zinc Tin Sulfide is a promising photovoltaic substance used in layer solar panels due to its abundant and harmless elements. Its favorable optical-electronic properties make it an attractive alternative for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) seamlessly incorporate solar energy technology into the design of construction components, such as roofing, building exteriors, and fenestration. This modern approach enhances energy performance while maintaining design elegance and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to pass through a material bearing minimal distortion, rendering objects behind easily seen. Translucency allows light to scatter through, making detailed visibility obscured but still allowing shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Vehicle and building window film application involves applying a light film to the interior or exterior of cars or structures windows to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It improves privacy, enhances energy efficiency, and gives a modern aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of solar power stations information various large-scale solar energy installations around the planet, showcasing their capacities and sites. These stations play a crucial role in renewable energy production and global efforts to reduce carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Solar power facilities are extensive systems that turn sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. They are essential in clean energy production, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Eco concerns encompass a wide range of problems such as contamination, climate change, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collaborative action to promote eco-friendly methods and protect wild habitats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Sustainable power comes from environmentally friendly sources that are renewably replenished, such as sunlight, breezes, and hydroelectric power. It offers a eco-friendly alternative to traditional fuels, reducing ecological footprint and promoting long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as lignite, oil, and methane, are limited reserves formed over extensive periods and are exhausted when used. They are the main energy sources for electrical energy and transportation but pose environmental and sustainability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electrical energy creation involves converting various energy types such as fossil fuels, atomic energy, and sustainable resources into electrical energy. This process typically occurs in electricity plants where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce electric current for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, toxic elements such as Pb, Hg, cadmium, and arsenide that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance indicates how well a solar panel transforms sunlight into convertible energy. Enhancing this efficiency is essential for increasing renewable energy output and decreasing reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when light shining on a metallic surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle nature of light. This occurrence provided key evidence for the development of quantum theory by showing that photon energy is quantized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Enhanced life testing involves placing products to increased stresses to quickly evaluate their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps detect potential failures and enhance product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The growth of photovoltaics has sped up rapidly over the past decade, driven by technological advancements and decreasing costs. This development is transforming the international energy scene by boosting the portion of renewable solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power installations intended to generate electricity on a industrial scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These projects typically cover vast areas and utilize photovoltaic panels or solar thermal systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a see-through device that bends light to bring together or separate rays, creating images. It is often used in devices like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to adjust light for better vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the measure between an incoming light ray and the normal line perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact. It determines how light behaves with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a delicate film applied to optical surfaces to reduce glare and increase light flow. It boosts the sharpness and illumination of screens by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when two waves meet in such a way that their amplitudes cancel each other out, leading to a decrease or total eradication of the combined wave. This event generally happens when the waves are phase-shifted by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current refers to an electric current that alternates direction, commonly employed in power supply systems. The electrical potential changes sinusoidally as time progresses, allowing cost-effective transfer over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A individual inverter is a small entity used to convert DC from a single solar panel into AC suitable for household use. It enhances system efficiency by optimizing power output at the module level and simplifies installation and service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC power, or AC power, is electrical energy delivered through a setup where the potential difference and electric current regularly reverse polarity, enabling optimized transmission over long distances. It is commonly used in homes and commercial sectors to operate different appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a kind of electrical connector used to supply DC power from a power supply to an device. It generally consists of a cylindrical plug and socket that provide a reliable and dependable connection for different electronic purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a global security approval agency that tests and approves products to confirm they comply with particular safety norms. It supports consumers and companies recognize trustworthy and secure products through thorough review and examination methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electronic circuits in which parts are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this arrangement, the constant electric current passes through all elements, and the entire voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electrical circuits where components are connected across the same voltage source, offering multiple routes for current flow. This configuration allows units to operate separately, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode is a semiconductor device that allows current to move in a single sense only, functioning as a one-way valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12V, intended to supply electrical energy for different devices and add-ons within a car. It enables users to charge electronic gadgets or run small appliances when on the move. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for linking peripherals to computers, enabling data transmission and power delivery. It backs a wide range of devices such as keypads, pointer devices, external storage devices, and cell phones, with various revisions offering higher speeds and enhanced features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency is the measure of the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into electrical energy. Improving this efficiency is essential to optimizing energy output and making solar power economical and eco-friendly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. Department of Energy federal research facility dedicated to R&D in green energy and energy conservation technologies. It aims to advance breakthroughs in solar power, wind power, biomass energy, and additional renewable sources to promote a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses every kind of electromagnetic radiation, extending from radio signals to gamma rays, featuring different lengths and power. This band is essential for numerous technological applications and natural events, enabling signal transmission, medical imaging, and insight into the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a form of EM radiation with a wavelength shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily generated by the sun. It has a crucial role in including vitamin D synthesis but can also result in skin injury and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a category of electromagnetic wave with extended wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Uniform color refers to a color scheme based on shades of a sole hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and unity. This layout approach emphasizes minimalism and grace by maintaining steady color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the intensity of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, usually measured in watts/m². It is a important parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, indicating the intensity of sunlight hitting a specific surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a measurement unit used to quantify the magnitude of radiation or energy flow received or emitted over a specific area, often in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in grasping the dispersion and conveyance of power across areas, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of diverse tones or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or alternatively. It is often used to illustrate the dispersion of light or signal frequencies in various scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a large volume of air's with relatively uniform thermal and humidity characteristics, deriving from from specific origin zones. These air masses influence weather systems and air situations as they move across diverse regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar power is the quantification of the intensity per unit area received from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation. It varies with solar cycles and Earth's atmospheric conditions, affecting global climate and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in solar energy refers to the buildup of dust, and impurities on the panels of solar panels, which reduces their performance. Consistent upkeep and maintenance are necessary to minimize energy waste and guarantee best operation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when current flow is absent, measured across its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it has been disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the highest electrical current that flows through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, happens, going around the normal load. It creates a considerable safety hazard and can result in damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (W_peak) is a measure of the highest power capacity of a solar panel under optimal sunlight conditions. It reflects the module's peak capacity to create electricity in standard testing setups . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A electrical potential meter is an measuring tool used to check the electrical potential between separate points in a electronic circuit. It is frequently utilized in numerous electrical and electronic setups to maintain proper voltage levels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a issue in PV modules where increased voltage stress causes a significant reduction in power output and performance. It occurs due to leakage current and ion migration within the solar cell materials, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a metalloid element necessary for plant development and applied in different industrial uses, including glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It exhibits distinctive chemical properties that render it valuable in producing long-lasting, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring optimal tilt and orientation for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a robust and durable foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar power plant captures sunlight using large arrays of photovoltaic solar panels to produce renewable electricity. It offers an eco-friendly energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated approach of using land for both solar power production and cultivation, optimizing space and resources. This method improves crop production while at the same time producing renewable energy, promoting sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are photovoltaic devices designed to harvest sunlight on both sides, improving overall energy production. They are typically mounted in a way that improves effectiveness by taking advantage of albedo effect and reflected rays from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A sun-powered canopy is a structure that provides cover while producing electricity through embedded solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with useful design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a collection of multiple solar modules designed to produce electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in renewable energy systems to generate environmentally friendly, sustainable power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a structure that provides shade and shelter from the conditions for outdoor living spaces. It boosts the functionality and aesthetic appeal of a patio, making it a cozy area for leisure and socializing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the angle between the perpendicular line directly overhead and the line of sight to a astronomical body. It is employed in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of bodies in the sky relative to an spectator. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The azimuth angle is a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a reference heading, usually true north, to the line between an observer to a destination. It is often used in wayfinding, surveying, and astrophysics to define the direction of an object relative to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electrical shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential bodily injuries pose significant workplace risks in solar panel setup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a semiconductor material extensively utilized in thin-film solar cells due to its high efficiency and cost-effectiveness. It demonstrates outstanding optical characteristics, making it a preferred choice for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An directory of photovoltaics companies features the leading manufacturers and suppliers expert in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are key in advancing solar energy adoption and innovation across multiple markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a quantity of power equal to one billion W, used to quantify massive electricity production and utilization. It is typically associated with electricity stations, electricity networks, and significant energy projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar is a international leader in solar energy solutions, specializing in making thin film-based solar cells that provide high efficiency and economical energy production. The firm is committed to green energy development and reducing the world's reliance on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology specializes in smoothly integrating various components of industrial and automated systems to boost performance and dependability. It aims on building cutting-edge solutions that promote efficient communication and compatibility among different technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a prominent China's firm expert in producing and developing photovoltaic photovoltaic items and systems. Famous for cutting-edge technology and sustainable energy initiatives within renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of power equal to one billion watts, often used to indicate the potential of large-scale power generation or consumption. It underscores the immense power magnitude involved in modern energy framework and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the effect where the production cost reduces as total output increases, due to gaining knowledge and efficiencies achieved over time. This phenomenon highlights the significance of learned skills in lowering costs and boosting output in industrial processes and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics turn sunlight straight into electricity using semiconductor elements, primarily silicon. This technology is a environmentally friendly, renewable energy source that aids cut down reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of creating solar or wind energy is equal to or less than the expense of purchasing power from the electric grid. Achieving Grid parity signifies that sustainable energy technologies are financially viable with conventional fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the main electrical power supplied to homes and companies through a network of power lines, providing a dependable source of energy for various appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, depending on the nation, and is delivered through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) refers to all components of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and other electrical hardware. It is essential for ensuring the optimum and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Sunlight is harnessed from the sun's rays using PV panels to convert electricity or through thermal solar systems to provide warmth. It is a renewable, eco-friendly, and environmentally friendly source of power that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are in residential, business, and industrial environments to create green, eco-friendly electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, offering sustainable energy solutions where standard power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A collection of sun-powered products features a variety of tools that utilize sunlight to convert energy, supporting green and sustainable living. These products include everything from solar energy units and lights to household devices and outdoor gear, offering versatile solutions for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An photovoltaic power station is a installation that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using solar modules. It is a green energy source that helps reduce reliance on non-renewable energy and limits greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems merge solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to provide a reliable and efficient power supply. They maximize energy use by balancing renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics employ lenses or reflectors to focus sunlight onto high-performance photovoltaic cells, considerably increasing power output from a compact footprint. This technology is particularly effective in areas with intense, direct sunlight and offers a viable solution to cut the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
